The Cold
War might have been officially over after the collapse of the Soviet Union;
however, as the palaver over Russia’s annexation of Crimea following the unrest
in Ukraine shows, it is easy to fall into the trap of “us” versus “them”
mentality.
The Russians,
since Crimea’s population has overwhelmingly decided to be with Russia in a
referendum (no doubt the presence of Russian army helped the Crimeans to
speedily make up their minds), are behaving as if they are at a loss to
understand what all the fuss in the West is about. Apparently more than 90% (or some such
overwhelmingly high proportion) voted to cede from Ukraine and stay with
Russia. Russians form almost 60% of Crimea’s population (the percentage rises
to more than 70% in the city of Sevastopol) while Ukrainians are 25%, the
remaining 15% being formed by the Crimean Tatars, the Turkish ethnic group, who
formed the majority ethnic group in Crimea for more than three centuries, from
its emergence as an Ottoman vassal state in the fifteenth century to almost the
middle of the twentieth century, when Jo Stalin deported them en mass to far flung corners of Soviet Union, in
particular Uzbekistan and Siberia. The Tatar population fell victim to Stalin’s
policy which combined psychotic paranoia, susceptible to detecting threats to
the state and ideology when (probably) none existed, and zeal for vicious
collective punishment that served as a lesson to the population in general.
During the Second World War, when Germans occupied Crimea, some Tatar religious
and political leaders did cooperate with the Nazis; there was even a Tatar
legion in the German army. That was enough for Stalin, after the defeat of the
Nazis, to view the whole Tatar population (who was Muslim) as Fifth Element,
iniquitous to the existence of Soviet Union (never mind that a vast number of
Tatar men served in the Red army and fought the Nazis) which needed to be
disabled. (Stalin did the same with the Chechens whom he believed to have collaborated
with the Germans during the Second World War, and ordered Lavrentiy Beria to
deport them to distant corners of Soviet Union, although, with the Chechans,
Stalin inexplicably and uncharacteristically changed his mind, and asked
Beria—much to Beria’s disgust—to halt the operation half-way through, just when
Beria was looking forward to uproot the
whole of the ethnic Chechens from the country where they had lived for
centuries. Before you hasten to conclude that Stalin persecuted these ethnic
groups because of their religion (Islam), bear in mind that he also deported
almost half a million Ukrainian Germans, almost 20% of Ukrainians, and of
course Russians, not to forget the Jews, all of whom he believed to be disloyal
to the Communist ideology.) It was only during Gorbachev’s Perestroika that the
Crimean Tatars were allowed to return to the land of their ancestors, although
they were not officially given possession of the land they had been made to
forcibly vacate.
Those who are
telling the world that Crimea was always “Russian” are either oblivious of the
history of the region or are wilfully distorting it. True, it was won by the
Russians during the long Russo-Turkish war of the late eighteenth century
during which the Russians inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman Empire and
Crimea—nominally independent—became part of the Russian Empire; true, Catherine
the Great, tired of keeping up the facade of the Crimean independence, annexed the
peninsula in 1783; true, the second Russo-Turkish war (of the 1790s), which was
disastrous for the Ottomans, legitimized Russian control of Crimea via the
Treaty of Jassy; true, Crimea was a
member of the Russian SFSR (Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) between the
two World Wars and, after the Second World War, until Stalin’s death; but it
was not always so. And the Russians were not always in majority in Crimea. It
has been a Russian majority region only for the last seventy years, for which
the Russians have to thank a psychopathic Soviet era dictator.
There is
little doubt, though, that Crimea, as it exists, is a Russian majority region.
Indeed Russian speaking people form substantial proportion of not just Crimea but
also Eastern Ukraine. Ukraine itself, over the centuries, has been controlled
by and / or aligned to different Eastern European and Baltic states and
empires. Indeed, during the reign of Catherin the Great, the whole of present
day South Ukraine was incorporated into the Russian Empire. Russians can also
legitimately take credit for founding several cities in Ukraine including
Odessa. Crimea, which Ukraine and the West are beating their chests about, under
its powerful Tatar Khans, at the height of their powers in the sixteenth century,
repeatedly invaded and pillaged Ukraine, and vast armies were required to
protect against the annual Tatar invasion. Ukraine during this period, aligned itself with the
Russian empire. After the end of the First
World War of the twentieth century, for a period, several different
Ukrainian states emerged before what is now Western Ukraine was incorporated
into Poland while Eastern Ukraine went to the Bolsheviks. It wasn’t until 1939
when Poland was invaded and defeated by the Soviets and Nazis (who were
bedfellows at the time) that Western Ukraine was united with the rest of
Ukraine. The unification of Ukraine, which many Ukrainian nationalists in the nineteenth
and early twentieth century had dreamed of, thus, came into fruition (albeit as
a republic of Soviet Union) because of the combined efforts of two brutal
dictators. It is also worth remembering that Stalin made Rumania cede part of
what was its territory at the time (Bessarabia) which became part of
Ukraine.
It was
Stalin’s successor, Nikita Khrushchev, who had intimate knowledge of the region
(Khrushchev was Russian but he was born and bred in Ukrainian border state),
who “gifted” Crimea to Ukraine in the 1950s. It has to be said, though, that
the transfer had little meaning, as both Ukraine and Crimea were part of Soviet
Union. It was a bit like moving your furniture from the lounge to the spare bedroom
in your house.
After the
collapse of the Soviet Union Russia agreed that Crimea was part of Ukraine in
the 1994 Budapest Memorandum, signed by the then Russian president Boris
Yeltsin. It is possible that Yeltsin, by then in the middle phase of alcoholic
dementia, did not know the day from night, leave alone the piece of paper he was
putting his signature on; but Russia did agree that Crimea was an
integral part of Ukraine. Ukraine gave up its arsenal of nuclear weapons in
return of Russia promising to respect Ukraine’s territorial integrity. (I bet
they are regretting it now. Would Putin have dared to invade / annex Crimea if
Ukraine still had nuclear weapons?). Russia was nevertheless allowed to have
its troops, artillery, and military planes in Crimea; and its Black Sea fleet
was allowed to have a base in Sevastopol until 2042. (Moscow, in return, wrote
off millions of dollars of Ukrainian debt annually.)
The trouble
with looking back too much into history (to justify one’s deeds and strategy in
the present) is that almost any international act of aggression can be justified
on historical grounds. When Saddam Hussein (who was, unsurprisingly, a great
admirer of Stalin) invaded Kuwait and tried to justify it by citing historical
evidence that went back to the Ottomans, he was not wrong (at least he was not
quoting history wrongly), but the
invasion of Kuwait was still deemed illegal by the international community and triggered
the First Gulf War. But then Saddam was small beer for the West (or so they
thought), which meant that America and its cronies in Europe could invade Iraq
to “liberate” Kuwait. I do not think invasion of Russia is on the agenda of
Obama. Russia entered (invaded, if you prefer a harsher term) Crimea; held a referendum; and Crimea has once again,
after a short hiatus of twenty years (or seventy if one goes back to Khrushchev
era), become part of Russia, as it was for the hundred and fifty
years before that. The referendum
carried out in Crimea, under Russian guns, is no doubt illegal in the eyes
of the current international law. Crimea, before the Russians invaded and
annexed it, was Ukrainian territory, no two ways about it, never mind that the
majority population in Crimea was Russian and probably had allegiance to
Russia. In the eyes of international law, people living in a geographical area
cannot simply decide that they no longer want to stay within the country and become either independent or join another country. If that were the case Kurds would get their homeland; Basques would secede from Spain; and Bradford might become an Islamic Republic. Obama became cantankerous when the
Russians drew parallels with the referendum engineered by NATO and America in
Kosovo, which was bitterly opposed by Serbia. The Kosovo referendum was carried out with the heavy
presence of NATO army. The Russians do
have a point. NATO and the Americans would argue (they are already doing it)
that the Crimean referendum can no way be compared to the Kosovo referendum, because there was no evidence that ethnic Russians in Crimea were discriminated in
Ukraine whereas the Serbs (so NATO and America allege) were carrying out ethnic
cleansing in Kosovo (as also in Bosnia and Herzegovina). What was going on in
the 1990s, in the former Yugoslavia, was civil war; and the situation arose
because various groups of people, Kosovo included, living for centuries in
certain geographical areas, decided that they no longer wanted to be part of
Yugoslavia, which they saw essentially as Serbian domination. Their wish to
secede from Yugoslavia, it might be argued, was no more legal than the wish of
the ethnic Russians to secede from Ukraine (if one believes the Russian engineered
referendum). The civil war situation in the Balkans arose, in the most
simplistic terms, because Serbia would not give up control of these regions. And,
lest we forget, the Americans illegally smuggled in arms and weapons into
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the start of the civil war, in spite of an explicit UN
ban. It is also worth noting that there are still scores of countries which do
not recognise Kosovo as an independent, sovereign country, no matter what Obama says;
which means that in the eyes of many countries in the world the referendum in Kosovo
was illegal; as illegal as the referendum in Crimea, the Americans and NATO
say, is.
Therein
lies the rub for America and its sidekicks like the UK. In large parts of the
world America has absolutely no moral credibility, she is held in utter contempt,
and is viewed as a bully. It is the recidivist duplicitous American foreign
policy, and its proclivity to go around the world meddling, interfering, and
invading that has made America probably the most hated nation in many parts of
the world. When large swathes of the world dislike you there is probably a good
reason: you have not conducted yourself correctly. George W Bush, the mentally unprivileged
former president of America, was a war criminal, as was Toni Blair, the most mendacious
and dishonest man who disgraced British politics.
Obama described Russia as a
regional power (as opposed to America, which he fondly believes to be a world
power). Russia might be a regional power, but it is a big regional power. Also, you don’t become a world power just because you go round poking your nose into businesses
that don’t concern you. David Cameron, the pompous windbag (who perpetually
wears the look of a man defeated by his bowels), no doubt believes that the UK
is a world power. The chubby dictator of North Korea (who perpetually wears the
look of a man a couple of hundred bowel movements behind the game) probably
believes his country is a world power.
